Medieval Manipur, a period spanning roughly from the 15th to the 19th century, witnessed both the zenith and the gradual decline of the kingdom's power and influence. While marked by initial territorial expansion and cultural efflorescence, internal conflicts and increasing external threats eventually weakened the kingdom, paving the way for the colonial period.
Internal Conflicts and the Weakening of the Monarchy
A key factor contributing to Manipur's decline was the internal strife that plagued the kingdom. While early rulers like Ningthoukhompa (1432-1467) consolidated power and expanded the kingdom's territory, later periods saw increased factionalism and succession disputes. These internal power struggles weakened the monarchy and destabilized the kingdom, making it vulnerable to external threats.
Religious tensions also played a role in the kingdom's decline. The introduction of Vaishnavism during the reign of Meidingu Senbi Kiyamba (1467-1507) led to religious conversions and the suppression of the indigenous Sanamahi faith. This caused social divisions and conflicts, further weakening the kingdom's internal cohesion.
Another significant factor was the rise of powerful nobles. As the monarchy weakened, ambitious nobles gained influence and control over resources, often challenging the authority of the king. This led to frequent rebellions and power struggles, further destabilizing the kingdom.
Increasing External Threats and the Colonial Period
Manipur's internal weaknesses coincided with the rise of ambitious neighbors and the growing influence of colonial powers. The kingdom faced repeated invasions from Burma, culminating in the devastating Seven Years Devastation (1819-1826). This period of Burmese occupation wreaked havoc on Manipur, causing widespread destruction, famine, and depopulation.
The Burmese invasions exposed Manipur's vulnerability and attracted the attention of the British East India Company. Initially, the British intervened to expel the Burmese and restore the Manipuri monarchy. However, they gradually asserted their own influence over the kingdom, culminating in the Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891 and the subsequent establishment of British colonial rule.
Key events leading to the colonial period:
1762: First treaty between Manipur and British East India Company.
1819-1826: Seven Years Devastation (Burmese occupation).
1826: British help expel Burmese; Treaty of Yandabo establishes British influence.
1891: Anglo-Manipuri War; Manipur becomes a princely state under British rule.
Modern History of Manipur