Women in ancient Manipur held a pivotal role in shaping the socio-economic, cultural, and political landscape of the region. Their active participation in society and their contribution to warfare have been a defining feature of Manipuri history. Rooted in a vibrant and unique tradition, Manipuri women have often been celebrated for their strength, resilience, and intellect.
Contributions of Women in Society and Warfare
1. Economic Participation
Weaving Tradition: Women in Manipur have been custodians of the traditional handloom industry. The art of weaving, locally known as Leirum Phi, was both an economic activity and a cultural expression. Women were central to sustaining this craft, which held significant value in the socio-economic structure.
Agriculture: As an agrarian society, women participated actively in agricultural activities alongside men. They contributed to sowing, harvesting, and post-harvest processing, ensuring food security for the community.
2. Political Engagement
Role in Political Assemblies: Women in ancient Manipur occasionally participated in decision-making processes within the traditional village councils. Their opinions were respected in familial and community matters, highlighting their political acumen.
Women's Movements: The precursor to the Meira Paibi movement (women torchbearers of modern Manipur) can be traced back to ancient women's collective actions, like organizing against injustices or mobilizing communities during crises.
3. Contributions to Warfare
Women Warriors: Manipuri women are celebrated for their martial abilities. They underwent training in thang-ta (a traditional Manipuri martial art) and were prepared to defend their villages during invasions or conflicts.
The Legendary Nupi Lal (Women's War): Though the historical Nupi Lal movements occurred in the 20th century, the spirit of these struggles has roots in ancient times. Women have historically resisted exploitative forces, whether colonial or indigenous.
Mythological Figures in War: Mythological figures like Ema (mother goddess) have symbolized strength and protection in Manipuri folklore, reinforcing the valorous image of Manipuri women in ancient warfare.
4. Cultural Contributions
Dance and Rituals: Manipuri women have been central to the development and preservation of the classical Manipuri dance form, which combines grace and storytelling. Their involvement in religious rituals and cultural festivities reinforced their role as cultural torchbearers.
Oral Literature: Women were often the custodians of oral traditions, narrating folk tales, legends, and epics that carried forward the history and values of Manipuri society.
Social Status and Customs Related to Women
1. Social Hierarchy
Matriarchal Elements: While Manipur was largely patriarchal, matriarchal elements existed in family and social structures. Women often managed household finances and had significant say in familial decisions.
Equality in Contribution: Women's contributions to agriculture, crafts, and social stability were recognized and respected, reflecting an underlying egalitarian ethos in certain aspects of Manipuri society.
2. Marriage Customs
Clan and Family System: Women were married into clans, and marriage alliances were crucial for maintaining social harmony and kinship networks.
Respect for Women in Marital Relationships: The Lai Haraoba festival, dedicated to local deities, often depicted rituals celebrating feminine energy and acknowledging women's indispensable role in family and society.
3. Rituals and Religious Practices
Priestesses and Oracles: Women served as priestesses (locally known as Maibis) in religious practices and were revered for their spiritual wisdom. They conducted rituals, acted as healers, and guided communities during times of uncertainty.
Sacred Role in Festivals: Women played key roles in religious festivals like Yaoshang and Ningol Chakouba, symbolizing prosperity, unity, and familial bonds.
4. Legal and Property Rights
Inheritance Customs: While the inheritance system was male-dominated, women could influence property distribution within families and often managed communal resources like water and land.
Guardians of Tradition: Women were entrusted with safeguarding family heirlooms and traditional practices, symbolizing their central role in cultural continuity.
5. Education and Knowledge
Traditional Knowledge Keepers: Women were repositories of traditional knowledge, including herbal medicine, childbirth practices, and food preservation techniques.
Role in Early Education: They were also the first educators of children, imparting moral and practical lessons through stories, songs, and daily interactions.