Manipur, a state nestled in the northeastern corner of India, is cradled within a geologically volatile region. Characterized by its breathtaking landscapes and rich cultural heritage, the state also faces the constant threat of earthquakes. This vulnerability stems from its location along the boundary of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, a zone infamous for its seismic activity.
Seismicity of Manipur
Manipur falls under Seismic Zone V, the highest seismic zone in India according to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). This classification signifies the region's susceptibility to high-intensity earthquakes. The state has a history marked by numerous earthquakes, including the devastating 1988 earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2.
The primary reasons for Manipur's high seismicity are:
Tectonic Setting: Manipur lies in the Indo-Burmese region, where the Indian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate. This ongoing collision and subduction process results in the accumulation of stress along the plate boundary, which is periodically released in the form of earthquakes.
Active Faults: The region is crisscrossed by several active faults, including the Churachandpur-Mao Fault and the Kopili Fault. These faults act as zones of weakness in the Earth's crust, making them prone to rupture and trigger earthquakes.
Earthquake Vulnerability in Manipur
While the entire state is susceptible to earthquakes, the level of vulnerability varies across different areas. Factors contributing to this vulnerability include:
Building Practices: Traditional construction practices in Manipur often involve the use of locally available materials like wood and bamboo, which offer some degree of flexibility and resilience to earthquakes. However, rapid urbanization and modernization have led to the construction of concrete buildings, many of which lack proper earthquake-resistant design and construction practices.
Population Density: The Imphal Valley, the most densely populated region of Manipur, is particularly vulnerable. The concentration of buildings and infrastructure in this valley increases the potential for widespread damage and casualties in the event of a major earthquake.
Unplanned Urbanization: Rapid and unplanned urbanization has resulted in the growth of informal settlements and congested areas. These areas are often characterized by narrow streets and poorly constructed buildings, making them highly vulnerable to earthquake damage.
Lack of Awareness: Despite the high seismic risk, awareness about earthquake preparedness and safety measures remains low among the general population. This lack of awareness can exacerbate the impact of an earthquake.
Mitigating Earthquake Risk in Manipur
To reduce the risk and vulnerability to earthquakes, Manipur needs to adopt a multi-faceted approach:
Earthquake-Resistant Construction: Enforcing building codes and promoting earthquake-resistant construction practices are crucial. This includes using appropriate materials, designing structures to withstand seismic forces, and ensuring proper construction quality.
Land-Use Planning: Proper land-use planning can help minimize risk by regulating construction in high-risk zones and promoting open spaces.
Community Awareness and Preparedness: Educating communities about earthquake preparedness, including safety measures, evacuation plans, and emergency response, is vital. Regular earthquake drills and awareness campaigns can help build resilience.
Early Warning Systems: Investing in early warning systems can provide valuable time for people to take protective action before an earthquake strikes.
Strengthening Infrastructure: Strengthening critical infrastructure, such as hospitals, schools, and transportation networks, is essential to ensure their functionality during and after an earthquake.