Manipur, a state nestled in the northeastern corner of India, boasts a rich and unique history. Its journey from a sovereign kingdom to a princely state under British rule and eventually to a part of the Indian Union is marked by significant political and administrative changes. This article delves into the key phases of Manipur's transformation, focusing on its formation as a Part-C State and the subsequent administrative developments under the Indian government.
Early History and British Influence:
Manipur's history can be traced back to ancient times, with evidence suggesting the existence of a kingdom in the region as early as the 1st century AD. The kingdom of Manipur, with its distinct culture and traditions, thrived for centuries. However, the Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891 resulted in the kingdom becoming a princely state under British paramountcy.
Merger with India and Formation of Part-C State:
With India gaining independence in 1947, the question of the future of the princely states arose. Maharaja Bodhachandra Singh of Manipur initially signed the Instrument of Accession, acceding to India in matters of defense, external affairs, and communications. However, the internal political autonomy of Manipur was retained.
The situation changed in 1949. Under controversial circumstances, the Maharaja signed the Manipur Merger Agreement on September 21, 1949, leading to Manipur's merger with India as a Part-C State on October 15, 1949. This agreement effectively dissolved the legislative assembly of Manipur and placed the state under the direct administration of the central government.
Administrative Changes under Indian Government:
The administrative structure of Manipur underwent several changes under Indian rule:
Chief Commissioner's Rule (1949-1956): Initially, a Chief Commissioner appointed by the central government administered Manipur. This marked a shift from the erstwhile monarchy to a more centralized administrative system.
Union Territory with Territorial Council (1956-1963): The States Reorganization Act of 1956 reorganized the Indian states, and Manipur became a Union Territory. A Territorial Council was established, granting limited administrative powers to the local representatives. However, the Chief Commissioner continued to hold significant authority.
Union Territory with Legislative Assembly (1963-1972): In 1963, the Territorial Council was dissolved, and Manipur was granted a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers. This provided a greater degree of self-governance to the people of Manipur.
Statehood (1972): Finally, on January 21, 1972, Manipur achieved full statehood, along with Tripura and Meghalaya. This marked a significant milestone in Manipur's political journey, granting it a level of autonomy comparable to other states in India.
Appointment of Chief Commissioners and Governors:
During its journey from a Part-C State to full statehood, Manipur has seen the appointment of numerous administrators:
Chief Commissioners: From 1949 to 1969, several Chief Commissioners were appointed to administer Manipur. They served as the central government's representatives and held considerable administrative powers.
Governors: With the attainment of statehood in 1972, the role of the administrator transitioned to that of a Governor. Since then, Manipur has had a succession of Governors, each playing a crucial role in the state's governance.