Manipur is a northeastern state of India, known for its rich cultural heritage, picturesque landscapes, and significant role in the socio-political and economic dynamics of the region. It shares borders with Myanmar (Burma) to the east and is surrounded by the states of Nagaland, Mizoram, and Assam. Its unique geographical position and strategic location make it a key area in the Indian subcontinent. This article delves into the location and extent of Manipur, highlighting its geographical features, boundaries, and significance.
Geographical Location
Manipur is located in the northeastern part of India, in the lap of the Eastern Himalayas. The state lies between 2383N and 2568N latitudes and 9303E and 9478E longitudes. Its unique location places it in a strategic position at the confluence of Indias northeastern frontier and Southeast Asia. This geographical position has led to Manipurs importance as a gateway to India from Southeast Asia and vice versa, enhancing both trade and cultural exchange.
Key Coordinates:
Latitude: 2383N 2568N
Longitude: 9303E 9478E
Manipur is situated at an altitude ranging from 790 meters to 2,994 meters above sea level, with its topography ranging from hilly terrain to valleys, making the region ecologically diverse.
Boundaries and Neighboring Regions
Manipur shares its boundaries with Myanmar to the east and is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south, and Assam to the west. These borders are significant not only for the state's geographical makeup but also for its strategic importance in terms of trade, defense, and cultural connections.
1. International Border with Myanmar
The eastern boundary of Manipur forms an international border with Myanmar, stretching approximately 398 kilometers. This border is of high geopolitical importance, as it connects India to Southeast Asia. The border facilitates trade and cultural interactions and is a critical point for security and strategic military considerations.
2. Neighboring States
Nagaland (North): Manipur shares a border with Nagaland to the north. The Nagaland-Manipur border region is rugged and predominantly hilly.
Mizoram (South): To the south, Manipur is bordered by Mizoram. The hilly terrain continues across this border, and both states share common environmental features, including tropical forests and a humid subtropical climate.
Assam (West): To the west, Manipur shares a border with Assam. The Barak River, which forms part of the boundary, is one of the main natural demarcations between the two states.
Physical Features and Topography
Manipur is characterized by varied topography. The state consists of two distinct geographical regions: the Manipur Valley and the Surrounding Hills.
1. Manipur Valley
The valley is situated at an altitude of about 790 meters above sea level. The valley is the heart of the state, where the majority of the population resides. It is surrounded by hills, forming a natural basin. The valley is the site of the capital city, Imphal, and is fertile, with agricultural activities being the primary source of livelihood for the population.
2. Surrounding Hills
The state is encircled by hills, most of which are part of the Mizo Hills to the south and the Naga Hills to the north. These hills are part of the Purvanchal Range, which is a branch of the larger Eastern Himalayan range. The average elevation of the hills is between 1,000 meters and 2,000 meters above sea level. The rugged terrain and diverse flora and fauna contribute to the ecological richness of the region.
Climate and Weather
The state enjoys a tropical monsoon climate in the valley and a more temperate climate in the hilly regions. The Manipur Valley experiences warm summers and cool winters, while the surrounding hills have cooler temperatures throughout the year.
Monsoon Season:
The monsoon season is from June to September, with heavy rainfall during this period, which is crucial for the agriculture of the region.
Summer:
Summers are warm, with temperatures ranging from 25C to 35C in the valley. The hilly regions remain relatively cooler, with temperatures ranging between 15C and 25C.
Winter:
Winters in Manipur are cool, particularly in the valley, where temperatures can drop as low as 4C. In the hills, temperatures can fall below freezing point in certain areas.
Area and Extent
Manipur covers an area of approximately 22,327 square kilometers, making it one of the smaller states in India. Despite its modest size, its location and landscape make it ecologically significant and culturally rich. The state's land area is divided primarily into two regions:
Manipur Valley: Covers about 2,500 square kilometers.
Hilly Region: Accounts for the remaining area, with forested lands and rugged terrain.
Strategic Importance
Manipurs location makes it one of the most strategic states in India. It serves as the gateway to Southeast Asia due to its proximity to Myanmar and its position in the Indo-Myanmar region. The international border with Myanmar also facilitates cross-border trade, cultural exchange, and tourism. Furthermore, the state holds significant importance in India's security apparatus, especially concerning its northeastern frontier, making its location geopolitically sensitive.